日本的分業の再編成と下請制(世界経済の変質と日本の対応(総合)-労働政策を中心として-)
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概要
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Amid a protracted and severe recession continuing since the second quarter of 1991, the Japanese subcontracting system--hitherto credited as a typically Japanese form of division of labor among business enterprises--is now having to, willy-nilly, restructure itself. In other words, we are witnessing the advent of a new arrangement wherein Japan's subcontrating system is being obliged to become a part of an international division of labor for a mode of production whose basic productive operations are situated in the countries and regions of Asia. At the same time, the regional economy of domestic Japan which up to now had been underpinned by the Japanese subcontracting system is also having inevitably to become a part of an interregional division of labor embracing the countries and regions of Asia. Japan's subcontrating system has hitherto been understood to function as a safety valve during downturns in the industrial cycle. According to this explanation, the system becomes the main medium of achieving forcible price breakdown--that is, of fulfilling one of the requirements for overcoming recession and building a new mechanism for capital accumulation--and thereby gives shape to the machinery needed to sustain an economic structure centered on giant monopolies. However, it has now become socially unacceptable to regard the subcontracting system in this manner. The essential characteristic of the Japanese subcontracting system had been the providing of low-cost, highly efficient labor required for the day-to-day accumulation of capital by the giant monopolies, while simultaneously maintaining the actual conditions of wage differentials by scale. At the same time, this subcontracting system, by helping the megamonopolies to economize in their fixed capital investment, had functioned as the invisible behind-the-scene prop that heretofore supported the strong international competitiveness of Japanese capitalism. But the current Heisei Recession, in progress since 1991, is producing a situation wherein the Japanese subcontracting system can no longer fulfill the aforementioned special roles and functions. For one thing, the exodus of Japanese capital to overseas markets has become more conspicuous as the multinationalization of the nation's megafirms moves into full geasr. An d, as a consequence of the subsequent debilitation of Japan's domestic productive infrastructu re, the Japanese subcontracting system is being deprived of the very pillars upon which it has hitherto subsisted. Secondly, the exporting of Japanese capital to overseas markets has paved the way toward the "reverse importing" (into Japan) of products manufactured by overseas Japanese subsidiaries, particularly by those operating in other Asian countries. As a result, Japanese labor value has now to compete on terms equal to the value of labor in other Asian countries and regions. The differential in interregionsl labor-force value--which hitherto had supported the interregional division of labor of production within Japan--is now incapable of holding its own against the differential in labor-force value in other Asian regions.
- 日本大学の論文
- 1995-03-31
著者
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