国際石油企業論序説 : グローバル経済下における経営戦略の重要性(個別研究)
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概要
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In this paper the intention is to show that the structure of the international oil industry and its strategies (i. e. total strategies incorporating those for production, market, ownership, etc.) have developed through three distinct eras. While there have been periodic changes, there have been no changes of substance and the situation has expanded and become more complex on a world-wide scale. In order that the substance of the 1973 oil crisis can be clarified and understanding brought to bear on the effects it had on us, various issues are here presented. At the beginning of the 1920's, with the assistance of the powerful State Department, the American oil companies started on a positive advance abroad under the banner of an open-door policy. At the 1920 San Remo agreement of the Turkish Petroleum Company then owned by Britain, the Netherlands and Germany the latter country was replaced by France, but still without the addition of any American companies, this new grouping of three countries monopolized the concessions in Iraq. In 1928 the Convention was concluded and the two American companies, Exxon and Mobile, took up positions in the Middle East together with B. P., Shell and C. F. P. This included limitation clauses that it was impossible to compete over every aspect from concessions to production and refinement over the whole territory of the former Ottoman Empire. This was clearly contrary to the opendoor policy. This developed to the Acnacary agreement (As is agreement) two months later where the attempt was made to maintain the current conditions as they were in 1928 with regard to both prices and quantities. The market shares in terms of volume were fixed at the levels pertaining in 1928 and joint use of production facilities was implemented. For controlling prices the basing point system known as the Gulf Plus method was adopted, and all prices were fixed at the same level at all ports of shipment and all specific regional markets. Following this, the main interest shifted gradually to the regulation of regional product markets through the establishment of principles layed down in the following: (1) European Market Memorandum (1930) (2) Sales Market Memorandum (1932) (3) Draft Memorandum concerning Various Principles (1934). In the United States also the regulations were strengthened and quotas were set for imports in 1933. Moreover, in 1935 strict regulation for production was introduced as a means to stabilize prices through an agreement between the federal government and the producing states, whereby total production was fixed and quotas allotted for each oil field. This two sets of regulations remain in existence to this day, one for the American domestic market and one for the market outside that country. The second phase. In the postwar era, with the American majors taking the lead, a full-scale production structure was created in the Middle East. While Exxon and Mobil joined Aramco, which hitherto comprised Socal and Texaco, they attempted to participate in Iran where, then, BP took a monopoly position, (finally in 1954 this led to the Iran Consortium, which included various American companies was formed) and concluded the BP-Exxon and BP-Mobil agreements (related to BP Oil in Iran and Kuwait). Including the control realised through the Gulf-Shell agreement in Kuwait where Gulf held rights with BP, the framework for control by Exxon's Middle East strategy was established. The third phase is the rapid growth of oil production in Africa since the late 1960's centering on Lybia, and the resultant significant pressure this put on the market. This was followed by the sharp price increases which sparked the 1973 oil crisis. Independents and crude long majors in Libya were nationalised to come under the control of Africa Oil and the control of private branders through vertical integration were made in the American domestic market. Following this, the implementation by Libya of its resource conservation policy by reducing production and raising prices and her competitive stance towards other Persian Gulf countries, plus the direct sales by the producers of D. D. Oil, induced the sharp rise in prices. Finally, a short analysis is made of the effects of the oil crisis. They have been multifarious, including those on electricity concommittant with the increase in heavy oil prices, the chemical industry, the automobile industry and the oil pricing policy in the United States.
- 日本大学の論文
- 1984-03-20
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