ヨーロッパ諸国の商業政策(中小小売業に対する政策提案,共同研究)
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概要
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Since the formation of the EEC in 1958, the Customs Union and Agricltural Common Market have been established. Although the objective of economic integration exists, at present the commercial policies of the member countries still remain diverse. For the coun tries of northern Europe which do not belong to the EC-Sweden, Norway, Finland-commercial policies also take various independent forms. Countries which have adopted coordinated commercial policies are France and Italy. The policy in France is based on the "Basic Law for Commerce and Skilled Trades" (La Loi D'Orientation du Commerce et L'Artisanat), popularly known as the "Royer Law," which was enacted in 1973. This is aimed at a comprehensive policy for commerce through the regulation of large retail stores, the modernisation and rationalisation of trade, job training and social security for those involved in commerce, and assistance for the promotion of enterprises. In Italy, because commercial modernisation was being delayed and consumers were being inconvenienced by licensing, which was represented by Law No. 2174 enacted in 1926, "The Basic Commercial Law" (Disciplina del Commercio) was passed in 1971. As a result, a registration system was introduced for stores and plans were layed for the development and regulation of commercial networks. While this implied considerable progress, large-scale retail stores became subject to still harsher approval procedures. There are many points of similarity between the French and Italian commercial policies and that of Japan, which is finely belineated and based on the "Large-Scale Retail Store Law." Among the other European countries there are on special laws for commerce, so the awareness of commercial policy is generally poor. But, to say that they have absolutely no commercial policy is certainly not the case. Through laws concerning monopolies, improper representation and shop closures, and through systems for financing medium and small businesses and for social security, regulation of and assistance for commerce is realised. However, the policy objectives of these laws and systems apart, it is not too much to say that they are only coincidentally applicable to commerce. The big point of difference these countries have with France and Italy is that there is no regulation of large retail stores. Consequently since the 1960's, large-scale stores have rapidly increased and many medium and small retail shops have gone out of business, so that the retail trade structure has changed drastically. There can be no doubt that the productivity and efficiency of commerce hare been improved, but new problems have emerged. One of these is that the location of large stores (especially hypermarkets) in the suburbs has destroyed the environment and brought discord to city planning. Thus recently, through construction usage societies and the like, some countries are now regulating the location of large stores in the suburbs. Another problem is the disappearance of shops in depopulated areas. This is causing inconvenience to consumers, so to cope with this countries in northern Europe have adopted the policy of providing monetary assistance in order that such shops remain in business. In Japan, severe rivalry over distribution has continued for a long time. Moreover, complex systems of distribution in Japan have come under criticism from Europe and America, and the way distribution should be carried out raises important problems. Commerce in Japan has a long history, and because it is based on different national characterististics, customs and habits direct importation of European commercial policies might not be possible. However, it is of value to give ample consideration to societies which have been one step ahead of Japan in reaching a stage of maturity.
- 日本大学の論文
- 1984-03-20
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