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In this thesis I have tried to point out, first, the tradition of "melancholy" still alive in the works of modern writers, and, second, that tradition as the unavoidable condition of man. By "melancholy" I mean not only the conventional medical idea but the ontological one expressive of human existence. Chapter one provides a brief history of "melancholy" from ancient Greece to the Renaissance, which will be helpful in interpreting the works of modern writers. In chapter two Shakespeare's celebrated Hamlet is shown losing the vivid sensation of "the present time" by his causeless melancholy. By the murder of Polonius he puts himself in the place of the revenger and the revenged at the same time. Since then his effort to regain "the present time" leads to a disastrous pilgrimage both to his life and his death. This kind of alienation from "the present" is the deepest melancholy of the Elizabethan theatre. In chapter three and four is shown the rebirth of melancholy heroes in modern times. Beckett's heroes Belacqua and Murphy are given the typical attributes of traditional melancholy heroes. But they are different from their predecessors in that they can not hope for a cure. Beckett's protagonists, born in Dante's 'Inferno' and given the Cartesian rationalism, stripping off their human attributes during their pilgrimage towards the core of existence, cannot go forward nor backward bogged in the dust of words. But Beckett's "readiness", different from Hamlet's, seems to keep talking when talking has no meaning. Even he adds a dash of comical seasoning to modern tragedy. Holiday Golightly in Breakfast at Tifanny's, also given many attributes of melancholy, is literally traveling through her life. Her home is wherever she really feels she belongs. When she mentions "the mean reds", it is her own expression of melancholy, which is an angst or uneasiness without any particular reasons for it. The angst which is stirred by her "wild" nature is a typical modern disease in a civilized world. She cannot be cured of her angst wherever she may go. She is an eternal traveler. Thus the disease of melancholy, present in the literature of the ancient Greeks and the Renaissance writers, is still alive in the modern world and will not cease to be, because, whatever the era, it is the ineradicable condition of man.
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