イスラム世界における紙の伝播と書籍業 : バグダードのワッラークを中心として
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概要
- 論文の詳細を見る
As earlyas the 3rd century A.H. (9th century A.D.), less than a century since paper making has spread to the Islamic world, an occupation known as warraq (pl. warraqun) was introduced. This term derives from the Arabic term waraq (paper). Warraq deals with entire process of book making. In biographical dictionaries of the time, we can see many people identified as warraq as his nisba (occupational title). For example, in Ta'rikh Baghdad of Khatib al-Baghdadi which contains 7831 individual biographies, there were 116 warraqun recorded in this material (approximately 1.48%). This proportion is similar to the figures recorded in katib (secretary, 127 persons, approximately 1.62%). Thus we must recognize their influence. The origin and the works of warraq in the 3-4th centuries (9-10th centuries) of Baghdad was examined by famous biographical dictionaries. The works of warraq consisted transcription, book making, selling books and paper. They came from native-born of Baghdad or immigrants from Khorasan also known for its producing of paper. Warraqun were active in Baghdad which was the center of culture those days, therefore they played an important role in the popularization process of the use of paper in the Islamic world. In Egypt, warraq was virtually unknown until the mid-4th century (mid-10th century), since Egypt was a papyrus producing district. But gradually paper drove out papyrus, and at the same time kaghadi (paper maker) took the place of qiratisi (papyrus maker). The knowledge of Islamic studies was a prerequisite for the works of warraq, therefore 'ulama' engaged in these tasks. Moreover it was a method for 'ulama' to gain income. In Baghdad, there were suq (bazar) al-warraqin where many intellectuals gathered in quest of information concerning new books and learnings. But after the 5th century (11th century), with the establishment of madrasa, no longer was it necessary for 'ulama' to work as warraq, for they were supported by the madrasa. On the other hand, paper become widespread throughout the Islamic world, the work of warraq was divided into several specialized tasks, such as transcription, bookbinding, painting, bookselling, paper selling and etc. Thus the name of warraq was no longer seen in historical materials.
- 日本中東学会の論文
- 1992-03-31