「利害関係者」をめぐる経営学的研究の推移 : 「利害関係者理論」から「利害関係者管理」へ
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概要
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In recent years, "stakeholder" came up for a point in dispute in the fields of management study. One field is "business and society" or "social issues in management" that employs social science approach. Another field is "business ethics" that employs normative ethics approach. This paper examines the recent developments of management studies concerning "stakeholder". The term "stakeholder" literally means those who hold one or some stakes for a game like a poker. R. E. Freeman observes that the term was meant to generalize the notion of "stockholder" as the only group to whom management needs to be responsible. Also, A. B. Carroll and A. K. Buchholtz propose four types of stakes, that is an interest, a share, a claim, and legal claim of ownership. A stakeholder, thus, is an individual or a group that has one or more of the various kinds of stakes in a business corporation. The stakeholder is classified mainly by means of three methods as follows. First, primary and secondary stakeholders (cf. A. B. Carroll; J. E. Post et al.). Second, core, strategic and environmental stakeholders (cf. A. B. Carroll and A. K. Buchholtz). Third, primary and secondary and social and nonsocial stakeholders (cf. D. Wheeler and M. Sillanpaa). The management studies concerning stakeholder have been called "stakeholder theory". The stakeholder theory is consisted of following statements by some leading authors. For example, K. E. Goodpaster distinguishes "stakeholder analysis" from "stakeholder synthesis". T. Donaldson and L. E. Preston suggest three models of the stakeholder theory: descriptive, instrumental and normative model, and conclude that these three models are managerial. T. M. Jones and A. C. Wicks attempt to harmonize two approaches to the stakeholder theory, the social science approach and normative ethics approach. The stakeholder theory provides basis for "stakeholder management" as practice. To put it briefly, the stakeholder management requires mangers to consider the stakes of stakeholders systematically. This paper contains the translation of "Principles of Stakeholder Management" into Japanese under the permission of the Clarkson Centre for Business Ethics.
- 日本経営学会の論文
- 2001-07-10