スカンジナビア・ルート : 北欧型福祉国家の特性と展開(横田禎昭教授退職記念特集)
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概要
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The Scandinavian route has often been referred to in the discussions about some characteristics with the Nordic model of welfare state. However, there is ambiguity with the meaning of the Scandinavian route or the Nordic model, as the welfare states and social policies in Nordic countries are not something fixed. On the one hand, the Nordic welfare states seem to share such common features and tendencies like comprehensive and universal social security, full employment, paternalistic state government, special emphasis on social equality and solidarity. In particular, Sweden has been regarded to represent the Nordic model, and because the Social Democratic Party has been dominant in Swedish party politics for years, the Nordic model or the Scandinavian route has been labeled as social democratic. For example, G0sta Esping-Andersen has stated that the Swedish welfare state has developed under the remarkable initiatives of the Social Democratic Party and the labour movement. On the other hand, it is also noteworthy that Nordic countries have different political culture, and that in some countries such as Finland the political practice has been coalition governments in which not only Social Democrats but also other parties may have opportunities for influencing on policy-making. In addition, Finland and Sweden experienced economic problems including rapid increase of unemployment in the early 1990s. While regaining economic growth since mid 1990s these Nordic countries have incorporated the idea of freedom of choice in social policies. Especially the development of family policy in Finland demonstrates the pluralism in which different policy preferences are coexisting as a consequence of new consensus between cabinet parties. This development suggests that the Scandinavian route can no longer be characterized solely with the social democratic norms of equality and solidarity. In recent years in Finland some politicians and researchers are showing interest in the theoretical discussion on Basic Income. The BI is being debated in Europe as a future alternative instead of a variety of social security and social insurance systems. The Finnish experience since the 1990s unveils that the economic growth under the initiative of the information technology industry does not always provide a solution for the long-term unemployment and the problems of social exclusion. It seems the meaning and values of work should be re-evaluated, and in this connection the BI debates may suggest new perspectives towards more sustainable and equal societies.
- 島根県立大学の論文
- 2003-03-28
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