明治・大正期における佃島の住居の類型と変遷

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The houses of common people in cities in the Meiji (1868-1912) and Taisho (1912-1926) periods were of two different types, having developed respectively from the houses of chonin (townsman) and samurai (warrior) stiyles in the Edo era (1600-1868). Progress in urbanization during the two periods influenced the development. Tukudajima was the dwelling area of the chonin and was urbanized in the Edo era. Small and medium size houses had been built on rectangular lots 2 or 3 ken (12-18 feet) wide. This report descrives the changes that occurred in floor plan, equipment and structure of houses in the Meiji and Taisho periods, based on 27 houses built from late Edo era to early Showa (1926-) and still standing in Tkudajima. I. The History of Tukudajima Tukudajima was an island in Edo (now Tokyo) Bay which was created from reclaimed land in 1644. It was a fishing village until the beginning of the Showa period. The changes in land use, the development of the water and gas services, and the fluctuation in population are presented in Chapter I. II. The Houses in Tukudajima The method of research conducted from July, 1977 to September, 1978 and two typical houses from each of the Meiji and Taisho periods are descrived in Chapter II. III. The Types of Plans and the Changes In Chapter HI changes in the floor plans and in the cross sections of the house are analyzed. Alterations in the composition of the front rooms, omotedoma (front unfloored room), genkan (main entrance), and kitchen are re-viewed. Many floor plans had no opening on either side of the house. The 27 houses are divided into six types based on certain aspects of their front room composition. The formation called omotedaidoko, which appeared in the early Meiji period, was the earliest of these and was characterized by the kitchen being in the omotedoma. After a time, the genkan was built in the front part of the house and the kitchen was moved to the back. The types of cross section are divided into four. The process of change developed from there being only one front room on the second floor in the early Meiji period. The room for the head of the household was also later situated on the second floor in the back, so there were then two independent rooms on that floor, one in front and one in back. Full second floor houses appeared in the Taisho period. IV. Changes in House Equipment In the early Meiji period in Tukudajima, most Japanese alcoves (tokonomd) were installed in the back room on the first floor, thereafter, they were made on the second floor. The combination of tokonoma and built-in staggered shelves (tigaidana) began in the Taisho period. Stairs were built in the front part of the houses in early Meiji, and thereafter, in the back part. In latter Taisho, the. Stairs in the back were connected to a corridor, and all the rooms were connected by this corridor and stairs. V. The Structural Changes in the Front Part of Houses Structural parts related to the design of the front part of the house are descrived in Chapter V. Dasigetazukuri was a typical eave structure seen in Tokyo on the front of pre World War TJ wooden houses which faced the street. Hitomibari was a beam on the surface of the front wall up the entrance. These types of structures began to be used after 1912 only for design. VI. Development of a Guest Room on the Second Floor The second floor room was used mainly as a storeroom or servant's room until early Meiji. With increased spase, these rooms came to be used for the family and, with installation of the tokonoma, as guest rooms. In the latter years of Taisho, it was possible for a guest to go to his room without going through the family rooms, because of the connection provided by the corridor and stairs from the main entrance to the second floor, Thus the second floor increasingly was used for guests. VJ. Characteristics and Changes of omotedaidako 1) The characteristics of omotedaidoko Perhaps the most notable aspect of the omotedaidoko was the kitchen, which was pla'ced in the omotedoma facing the front street. This formation was seen in many working class houses in Edo City in the latter part of the Edo era. It is now rarely found in Tokyo, other than in Tukudajima. In those days, kitchen space was not clearly separated from outdoor space. The area fronting on the street was used as kitchen space until early Showa, and was devised to make most efficent use of the limited house lot size. The omotedaidoko had many functions and was a place for working, eating and meeting. 2). Changes in the omotedaidoko (Development of the genkan) There were two ways of installing a genkan in the front part of a house. One was by dividing the omotedaidoko space into genkan and kitchin by a partition, and the other was to put the genkan beside the omotedaidoko. Working class people were not imitating the upper class by having a genkan, rather, the genkan was included in the process of room alterations in the front part of houses. When the kitchen was moved to the back of the house after 1912, only the genkan was left as the front entrance. 3) Use of the omotedaidoko (raison d'etre) The primary reason for retention the omotedaidoko in Tukudajima is that it played an important part in the daily life. The rectangular shape of the lots which created in the Edo era remains today. Passage lanes were usually built on the long south side of the lots, and in those days were considered part of the dwelling space. It was necessary that the kitchen face this lane, and in order not to infringe on' the privacy of one's neighbors, the north side of the house on the opposite side of this lane was only wall. A resident's daily life was clearly directed by these details of his lot, so no kitchen could be constructed on the north side. Conclusion Studies on the history of Japanese houses in the. Meiji and Taisho periods, have revealed that layout of the house emphasized space for guests changed to a formation better suited to the convenience of the family life. As descrived, small and medium size houses in Tukudajima were modified during these periods, with the guest in mind through introduction of the corridor, genkan and tokonoma. Then in late Taisho, a layout recognizing more the importance of family life built the corridor at the south side of the house in apparent consideration of "the traffic line".
社団法人日本建築学会の論文
1989-02-28

明治・大正期における佃島の住居の類型と変遷

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