荘園制解体期における荘官層 : 東寺領矢野庄の十五世紀
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概要
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The middle calss of the late Medieval village was called dogo (土豪), jinushi (地主) or sho-ryoshu (小領主). They have been an important focal point in the recent research made about the late Japanese Medieval village. This trend forward research concerning this middle class has helped to review much a about the movements which took place in every village. However what is lacking is an explanation of the relationship between the village and the local seigniors (zaichiryos 在地領主). This relationship was indispensable for researching the village structure in the first half of the Medieval period. In this essay the author will explain the relationship between the village and the local seigniors and its eventual breakdown, using the Toji temple's Yano-no-sho estate as an example. 1) The shokans (荘官) or the seigniors resided over the estate's tax unit (myo 名) in the Yano-no-sho estate and were responsible for collecting and paying the tax (nengu 年貢) to Toji temple, who was the proprietor of that shoen. The shokans also distributed the tax burden among the shoen's yeoman peasants (hyakusho 百姓). This was the shoen tax collection system. The shokans also took on the role of passing on the hyakusho's requests to the shoen proprietor for reducing taxes and assingning the myo. This shows the superiority of the shokans over hyakusho from a political standpoint. 2) The shokans did not rule over agricultural productions, nor were they involved in the political structure the villages. There were five villages in the Yano-no-sho estate during the 15th century. Either the allied villages or a single village controlled the rights to utilize irrigation ditches and forests for various kinds of agricultural productions. By the 15th century the shokans were only superior to the hyakusho because of their title. 3) However, during the 15th century the shokans continued to strengthen their economic positions. This caused the shokans not to pay the nengu to the shoen proprietor. Toji temple took countermeasures against this and relieved the shokans from their positions as tax collectors. As a result the shokans's power which was supported by the social system steadily weakened. 4) In the latter half of the 15th century, shokans broke away from the system and formed an alliance with shugo (守護) and kokujin(国人),who lived outside of the shoen. They directed their force to the villages. It is only by explaining the relationship between the shokans and the village that a complete understanding of the change of status of the shokans can be made. In addition, it is hoped that the foregoing argument will contribute toward furthering, the reexamination of the land rent (kaji-shi 加地子).
- 財団法人史学会の論文
- 1985-06-20
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- 三浦圭一著『日本中世の地域と社会』
- 新出「丹後松田系図」および松田氏の検討
- 荘園制解体期における荘官層 : 東寺領矢野庄の十五世紀