後期マムルーク朝におけるムフラド庁の設立と展開 : 制度的変化から見るマムルーク体制の変容
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In this article, the author deals with the al-Diwan al-Mufrad, a special financial bureau founded by al-Zahir Barquq, the first sultan of the Circassian Mamluks. This bureau took charge of supplying the Sultan's Mamluk corps with monthly salaries and other materials. The focus is on examining the historical development of this Diwan from its establishment till its fiscal bankruptcy, as well as the political and social factors behind it. The al-Diwan al-Mufrad was founded in order to maintain the Sultan's Mamluk corps, to fortify the Sultan's position in the midst of political chaos and solve financial difficulties caused by problems in the land system ; that is, the loss of agricultural land from the state treasury from the time of the late Bahri Mamluk period. Subsequentry, previously dysfunctional state fiscal affairs were reorganized, and this Diwan played a crucial part in the new organization by obtaining a vast amount of agricultural land as its own resources. Nevertheless, it was not an "innovation" that could reinforce the Sultan's autocratic power by increasing the Sultan's mamluks, for a great number of non-Sultan mamluks came to be registered as recipients of the Diwan. We can say that not only Sultans but also other amirs and mamluks had interests in this Diwan for that reason. Increasing the importance and the failure of the al-Diwdn al-Mufrad occurred under a situation were results of the collapse of state landholding due to political and socio-economic reasons, which caused changes in the traditional Mamluk state formation established through al-Rawk al-Nasiri and based on the distribution of iqta's and revenues from agricultural lands under the state's direct control. In conclusion, the al-Diwdn al-Mufrad was an institution for maintaining the mamluk-recruit system and Mamluk domination by means of accumulating agricultural lands, the main financial resource of the state that was gradually decreasing. At the same time, the traditional Mamluk regime, the structure of state and society based of the Iqta' system had also been undergoing a radical transformation during the period under consideration.
- 2004-11-20