清末広東省珠江デルタの図甲表とそれをめぐる諸問題 : 税糧・戸籍・同族
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概要
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This paper is aimed to investigate the land system in Kwangtung province during the Ch'ing period, and partly back to the Ming period. The study is focused on the special relationship between the possession of land and the method of the collection and payment of land tax (税糧) to the state. By using such a method, the present author hopes to throw a new light on the historical and social characters of Kwangtung society in the Ch'ing period. An important source material for this, is the T'u-chia charts included on local gazetters and genealogical books which were published in the Pearl River delta in Kwangtung during the late Ch'ing and Republican period. The results from this study differ from the usual understandings of Kwangtung and Chinese society during the Ch'ing period. The purpose of this paper, the first in the series, is to pile up the basic facts and phenomena which emerge from the T'u-chia charts. The Li-chia system (里甲制 -known in Kwangtung as the T'u-chia system 図甲制), implemented all over China in the early Ming period, was still in use in the Pearl River delta during the late Ch'ing period. Labour service (徭役) was also in use for collecting and handling the land tax. The T'u-chia system was based on a different principle to the so-called Li-chia system. First, one chia (甲) was not necessarily formed of eleven households (戸). Secondly, the Tsung-hu (総戸) corresponding to the Li-chang-hu (里長戸) in the Li-chia system, the name of it did not represent the actual person's name and seems not to have changed for over several hundred years. Accordingly a Tsung-hu could not mean an individual family as a social unit. Thirdly, the Tzu-hu (子戸), equivalent to the Chia-shou-hu (甲首戸), and the Chao (爪) had same characteristics as the Tsung-hu, though we do not know much about these two positions. In most cases, the Tsung-hu, Tzu-hu and Chao stood between the government and actual landowners and were responsible for the collection and payment of land tax. They themselves were seldom actual landowners. In the T'u-chia system, actual landowners were placed as Ting (丁) under the Tsung-hu, Tzu-hu and Chao, hereafter called as tax paying households (納糧戸), and paid their duties to the government through the Tsung-hu, Tzu-hu and Chao. The stream of land tax was as follows : government ← T'u ← Chia ← Tsung-hu ← (Chao) ← Ting, government ← T'u ← Chia ← Tsung-hu ← (Tzu-hu) ← Ting Furthermore, many actual landowners were located as Ting under the Tsung-hu which is supposed to have been established by their own ancestors. Also, when the landownership was transferred through purchase and sale, the name of the tax paying household on the official register (冊籍) were either changed or not. These investigations leave us two important problems. One, though the government had a control over the Tsung-hu on the official registers, did they really control actual landowners themselves? Two, what was the power structure in the real society that forced the retention of the T'u-chia system as the institution until the late Ch'ing and Republican period? These questions will be dealt with in the next paper in the series.
- 財団法人史学会の論文
- 1982-04-20