董仲舒の対策の基礎的研究
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概要
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In This paper, the author attempts to investigate duice (answers to imperial examination questions) by Dong Zhongshu, a well-known figure in the intellectual history of China and clarify certain problems regarding their authenticity. In another monograph, the author already analyzed documents concerning duice which survive in the Hanshu 漢書 (History of the Former Han Dynasty), and came to the following conclusions. Answers to imperial examination questions are required (1) to be itemized in form, (2) to be preceded by a repetition of each passage of the question, (3) to begin with the standard phrase chen wen 臣聞 ("Thus have I, your subject, heard"), and (4) to have a conclusion to each answer. However, when the three answers to imperial examination questions attributed to Dong Zhongshu are considered in light of these four rules, several doubts arise. For example, his first answers contain three parts, which the emperor did not require at all, In addition, his answers do not begin with the fixed phrase chen wen, but rather with the unusual chen jin an 臣謹案 ("I, your subject, have respectfully considered"). Moreover, a number of his answers do not follow a repetition. of the passage of the question, and they also lack a conclusion. In the second answers, there are two different kinds inconsistent with each other. Finally, at the end of the third answers, there is a long passage which expresses Dong's own personal opinion in full. Consequently, there seem to be a number of contradictory elements in Dong Zhongshu's duice. Based on these doubts, the author supposes that these duice consist of two different components, one composed by Dong himself and another written by adherents and followers who attributed their writing to Dong. Going a step further, the author discusses the fact that these answers were compiled under the title Dong Zhongshu shu 董仲舒書 (Records of Dong Zhongshu), at the end of the Former Han. He also presumes that the biography of Dong in the Hanshu was written based on these records. It should be noted, however, that the biography of Dong Zhongshu itself was intentionally compiled by Ban Gus 班固 based on his own ideas. On the basis of this research, the author concludes that it is necessary to reexamine the generally accepted opinion that Dong established Confucianism as the state doctrine under the reign of Emperor Wu 武帝 during the Former Han.
- 財団法人史学会の論文
- 1997-02-20