Areal Surveys : Dose Estimation from Residual and Fallout Radioactivity

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External dose rates and cumulative doses for early entrants from areal surveys and simulated experiments are reviewed. The average cumulative doses to infinity at the hypocenters were 101 rad in Hiroshima and 32 rad in Nagasaki, with a variation of about 60 percent. Radioactive fallout areas nearly matched the "black rain" areas in Nagasaki and in Hiroshima. Radioactivity in the fallout areas was affected by radioactive decay and by the leaching and dissipation by rains. Considering these factors, the cumulative dose to infinity in the fallout area of Hiroshima was estimated to be 13 rad, excluding internal radiation doses from inhaled and ingested radionuclides. Attempts to estimate radiation dose from internally deposited radionuclides are also described. Induced radioactivity and radioactive fallout from the Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombs (A-bombs) were secondary exposure sources to survivors, and primary exposure sources to early entrants into the bombed areas and residents of the fallout areas. Radioactivity in the A-bombed areas was induced in elements of the soil and other materials by neutrons emitted from the A-bombs.
日本放射線影響学会の論文