親子関係と幼児のパーソナリティの発達

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The child's personality develops in the dynamic relationship between parents and children. This study tried to measure the relationship of the child's personality and to the mother's attitudes by several means. A Subjects : Subjects were seventy-one kindergarten children of four and five years of age and their mothers. The intelligence of the children and the socioeconomic status of their families were quite high. B Methods : I. Each child's personality was measured by the following ways. (1) By observation of behavior in free situations using the time sampling method, twenty samples of three minutes observation and a total of zixty minutes for each child, were obtained. Categories of observation were : aggression, ascendency, non-cooperation, submission, dependency ( to teacher and to child), affection, energy. fairly high reliability of ovservations was shown by the agreement of two observers (420 minutes) and by the split-half method. The teacher's evaluation of a child's personality showed high agreement with the results of observation. (2) Through interviews with mothers, dependendy and conformity in the family were evaluated in the same way as the evaluation of the mother's attitude. II. The mother's attitude was measured by the following ways. (1) The mother's interview, utilizing illustrations of fifteen situations of mother-child contact, was conducted for all cases by one staff member and evaluated in terms of punitiveness and acceptance of dependency by two evaluators. (2) A questionaire was constructed to measure mother's attitudes (x-general social attitude, y_1-opinion of child rearing, y_2-practice of child rearing, z-grandparent's attitude toward child rearing). Two axes, Positive-Negative and Active-Passive were taken. The result was analyzed by the Likert method. III. Doll play. Two sessions of twenty minutes non-directive doll play were conducted individually. Some of the session were conducted by a male experimenter and some by a female experimenter. Categories of observation were-aggression, negative feeling, observation, manipulation, dependency and affection. C Result and Discussion : I. Development of aggression and mother's attitude. (1) The child's aggression tends to be greater when the mothers exhibit more frustration to children, being more punitive. (2) For boys, many whose mothers are not punitive are affressive. (3) For girls, many whose mothers are punitive are less aggressive. (4) Those who are less affressive in the hypothetical situations, mothers being punitive, tend to be more aggressive and active in doll play. (5) Those who are less aggressive in the family, mothers being punitive, are more aggressive in kindergarten and doll play. (6) Mothers of those who are more aggressive and also those who are greater in submission and affection are more punitive, acceptant and positive in attitude. Mothers of those who are more aggressive and less in submission and affection are more punitive, rejecti ve and less acceptant. (7) Mothers are more punitive for boys. (8) boys are more aggressive than girls. (9) In doll play, male experimenters provoke more aggression in children and the amount of increase of aggression in the second session is greater in the cases of male experimenters. The following factors of aggression were discussed : (1) Social admission- males are more active in role. 12, 7, 8, 9, in the above (2) Frustration--aggression factor. (1, 6) (3) Identification-being identified with aggressor, children are more aggressive. (6, 8) (4) Aggression anxiety-aggression is inhibited when aggression is followed by anxiety. (3, 4, 5, 9) (5) Fantasy expression-aggression inhibited in the real situation is expressed in fantasy. (4, 5) II. Development of dependency and mother's attitude. The following results are pointed out in this study. (1) Mothers of those who are more dependent in kindergarten as well as in family are more rejective and negative. Mothers of those who are less dependent in kind
日本教育心理学会の論文
1961-11-30

親子関係と幼児のパーソナリティの発達

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