農薬の作物に対する薬害発現機構に関する研究
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Pesticide applications often cause phytotoxicity on various crops under particular conditions. Examples of phytotoxic symptoms on agricultural crops in the field were surveyed and compiled, and mechanisms of this phytotoxicity studied. Phytotoxicity in vegetables grown on compost prepared from rice straw previously applied with organochlorine fungicide in the field was found to be caused by pentachlorobenzoic acid and 2, 3, 5, 6-tetrachlorobenzoic acid derived from the fungicide. Cucumber plant showed a leaf burn from vapor drift of a herbicide applied near paddy fields. The results of biological assays on cucumber seedlings applied with a vapor of various herbicides in a plastic tunnel coincided well with the cases in the field. Furthermore, chemical analysis indicated that evaporation of some kind of herbicide was greatly enhanced from aqueous solutions than from soils. Leaf burn on a rice plant given short interval applications of a herbicide, propanil, and carbamate-insecticides was due to the inhibition of the propanil hydrolyzing enzyme in the plant by carbamates. Organophosphorus insecticides easily cause phytotoxicity, especially against Chinese cabbage. The phytotoxic symptoms by 22 organophosphorus insecticides on this vegetable are classified as leaf necrosis, chlorosis, and abnormal leaf-vein. Chlorophyll, carotene and carbohydrate content decreased and total nitrogen content increased in Chinese cabbage leaves with leaf burn. Peroxidase and acid phosphatase activities also increased. These changes were similar to that of senescence or infection with fungal or viral pathogens. In the leaves with chlorosis, chlorophyll and carbohydrate content decreased. In those leaves bleached by the application of phosalone, the carotene apparently decreased as early as 2 hours after application without visible symptoms. The defect of carotene caused the photolysis of chlorophyll. Organophosphorus insecticides, which caused chlorosis on Chinese cabbage leaves, inhibited the Hill reaction at 10^<-4>-10^<-6>M. Furthermore, these organophosphates, strong inhibitors of the Hill reaction, were found to be hydrophobic. These compounds may have a high affinity to chloroplast, inhibit the electron transport in the chloroplast, and cause decomposition of chlorophylls.
- 日本農薬学会の論文
- 1982-05-20
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