一九世紀イギリスの地場産業における労働運動 : 製陶業労使関係調整制度の成立
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概要
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After glancing at the producing processes of the pottery industry, the author proceeds to the history of the potters' labour movement before 1836. It was a social rather than a labour movement, as the movement, which began at the Wedgwood Workshop in the 1770s, expanded to that of 1873, composed of the residents in general of Etruria as well as potters and, at last, resulted in the Parliamentary Reform Movement in the nineteenth century under the influence of the Birmingham and the Manchester Radicals. In this point the author recognizes a peculiarity to be found in common among movements of the so-to-speak labour aristocracy. According to his opinion, there were dual extremes in the potters' trade unionism of the first half of the nineteenth century. It was, on the one hand, so militant as to go on strike in 1836; and, on the other hand, so friendly with employers as to negotiate and to settle with them not only the piece-rate but also the selling price of products. The latter, in his opinion, derived from the system of the piece-rate itself, for weak selling by employers would be unprofitable not only to themselves but to the potters by reducing the piece-rate. The potters, therefore, were obliged to have a sort ot "master mind", as petit-producers paying attention to the selling price of products. The author points out that such a "master mind" was unavoidable for the establishment of the board of conciliation and arbitration. He understands what was pointed out by L.L. Price in his article on the "Journal of the Royal Statistical Society", vol. LIII, 1890 (p. 426) in the context of the above-mentioned. The author, judging from the establishment of Pottersville, Wisconsin, U.S.A., understands that W. Evans was one of the Utopiain Socialists of England in the first half of the nineteenth century. Even though his plan was supported by the hollow-ware pressers and twenty families moved there, it ended in failure. It was ironic that the cause of the failure and the motivation of the plan grew up from the same root, i.e., the very tight community peculiar to the potters. Pottersville should have been an exclusive village of the potters just like "a large family" (H. Owen), on the one hand; and most potters regarded the plan as a disturbance of the traditional life at the Potteries "in which they were born and had always lived", on the other hand. The author pays attention not only to the potters' labour movement but to its effect on the regional society, the Potteries. The great strike of 1836 had a serious effect on the residents of the Potteries in general as well as on both the employers and the potters. A witness who had been a potter in 1836 told the Special Commissioner in 1856 that the loss to the parish was so large that the potters came to the same conclusion as the payers of the poor-rate: to prevent the strike.
- 社会経済史学会の論文
- 1988-09-25
著者
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- T.Matsumura, The Labour Aristocracy Revisited, The Victorian flint glass makers 1850-80., Manchester University Press, 1983, 196p., £13.50