紅槍会 : その思想と組織
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概要
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The ceremony by which a man was admitted to the Society of Red Spears 紅槍会, the largest organization of the peasants' movements in North China in 1920s, served as a medium to bring the peasant's daily life into the extraordinary mental state for uprising. The initiations into the societies were often held at night, where a teacher instructed the initiates in the mysteries of invoking the spirit of those gods who were the protagonists of some novels and village plays. Ordinarily the nucleus of the rules of the societies were simple daily precepts of peasants; for example, they were enjoined to repress the passions, inhibited from indulging in lust and greed, and prohibited from blaspheming gods and Buddha. When a member broke any one of them, it was not infrequent that he was killed. As to the training in military arts dramatic elements were more important than practical ones. The organization of Red Spears consisted of the civil and military departments. Every village organized either a company or a platoon as a practical fighting unit, which worked for the common interests as the defender against enemies. The organization was based upon the established orders of the rural gentries and medium and small landowners in the village. Mint'uan 民団, an established defense corp, was on the decline with the development of Red Spears. Lien-chuang Hui 連荘会, which were organized at the initiative of district-governments, worked to help the warlords govern the villages. On the contrary, Red Spears, spontaneously organized by villagers themselves, made a new development against the various taxes imposed on them by warlords through district-governments. For the peasants living in the microcosm of a village community it was hard to conceive a scheme of social systems and power structuces. However, T'ien-men Hui 天門会, whose base was in the district of Lin-hsien in Honan was exceptional. Their movement bursted out when Han Yu-ming 韓欲明, their leader, showed off his charismatic talents and defeated bandits and min-t'uan. In T'ien-men Hui they accepted the thought of chen-ming t'ien-tz'u 真命天子, formed their own power structure, and fought against warlords' armies, rejecting various taxes imposed on them. In March 1927 they gained the reins of Lin-hsien and from July 1927 to March 1928, though with a brief break, they governed a few districts including Lin-hsien. However it was impossible for T'ien-men Hui to go on staying in power for a long time in a larger area. They were lacking in true understanding of imperialism and feudalism which were actually oppressing China at that time.
- 1976-07-30