明末清初、江南デルタの水利慣行の再編について : 湖州府を中心に
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概要
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Since the 16th century k'angtsu 抗租-the uprisings of tenant farmers (tienhu 佃戸) against landowners-had widely been taking place in the villages in the Chiang-nan delta. These uprisings were seen also in irrigation communities such as yu〓 or chin.〓 Earlier it was the landowners engaging themselves in agriculture that controlled and took responsibility for the irrigation of yu. In the late Ming and the early Ch'ing dynasties these landowners rapidly declined and gave way to hsiangshen 郷紳, the gentry who owned vast lands living in the cities and towns. Consequently there arose a change in the matter of irrigation. In the early Ch'ing age the self-farming small landowners in Chang-hsing 長興, Fu-chou Prefecture, who had lost their former power and were declining, failed to carry out their responsibility for irrigation and suffered severe sccusations and violet offences by tenant farmers. On an occasion when there was a flood tenant farmers intruded into a landowner's house, destroyed part of it by tearing some of the lumber off the house, dug his land to carry away some mud and dirt, and used their loot for repairing the damaged chenkeng 〓〓-the embankment of a chen 〓. Such an incident was a common one. In the late Ming and early Ch'ing dynasties the new irrigation practice with chaot 'ien-p'aii 照田派役-the assignment of labor and expenses according to acreage of farms-as its main feature was established by the state power all over the Chiang-nan delta. The situation was the same everywhere in Fu-chou Prefecture. In our Chang-hsing too, the reform on the same line wa carried out by the governor (chihhsien 知県) in order to mitigate the sharp conflict between the landowners and the tenant farmers and to protect the small landowners. In the Yung-cheng 雍正 and the Ch'ienlang 乾隆 periods the uprisings of tenant farmers subsided to some extent. Behind this was the reorganization of irrigation practice by the intervention of the state power.
- 1974-08-10