明治期における「看護」の問題 : 仰臥の医師、近藤常次郎をめぐって

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概要

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• The nursing system in Japan was begun during the Boshin War (between the Tokugawa Shogunate and Meiji Government) at the time of the Meiji Restoration in 1868. In 1877,Tsunetami Sano established Hakuai-sha (a philanthropic organisation) which became the original Japanese Red Cross. In 1878, a report on The Need for Training of Nurses was published in the Tokyo Iji Shinpo (Tokyo Medical Journal). In 1879/1880, a naval medical officer, Kanehiro Takagi started to train nurses. In 1885, the Yushi Kyoritsu Tokyo Hospital (literally Sympathy Co-operative Tokyo Hospital) which later became the Tokyo Jikeidai Hospital, initiated a training school for nurses, based on Florence Nightingale's ideas of modern training. In 1886, Japan signed the Red Cross Convention, which brought Japanese nursing and training closer to international practice. In 1879, the Examination for Medical Practitioners Regulations were enacted, and in 1883, the Medical License Regulations and Medical Practicing Regulations were enacted. The legalisation of nursing standards, however, occurred later than for physicians. The Nurses Regulations were enacted in 1915. After the Second World War, General MacArthur's main focus was to demilitarise and democratise Japan. During and after the American occupation, the nursing system was also improved. Three model nursing schools were set up, two in Tokyo and one in Osaka. In 1948, the Health Nurses, Midwives and Sick Nurses Act was enacted, and the new nursing system began to be adopted. In 1949, the Japanese Council of Nurses rejoined the International Council of Nurses, although it had left ICN during World War II. During the early development, Tsunejiro Kondo, a bed-ridden doctor in the Meiji era, had already sounded the alarm about the problems of nurses and the nursing system. Some of the points he raised are still relevant today. This paper introduces Kondo who strove for the nursing department to become independent from the medical department in hospitals. He also researched the psychological needs of patients that can be met through the nursing skills he proposed, in the light of the new external cultural influences experienced in Meiji Japan.

• 2001-03-31

著者

• 五十子 敬子

  尚美学園大学

• 五十子 敬子

  尚美学園大学総合政策学部

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• 明治期における「看護」の問題 : 仰臥の医師、近藤常次郎をめぐって
• 意思決定の自由 : 死をめぐる自己決定について
• 死をめぐる自己決定について : 尊厳死・安楽死(終末期医療の現状と課題:臨床倫理の視点から)

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