宮古島の部落祭祀 : その比較・統合に向けての序章

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Generally speaking, there are found many variations in the ethnoculture of the region of the Miyako Islands, which are relatively small. The variations in the cult system are so remarkable that one example in a village might never allow a conjecture as to the religious manners in another village. However, there has not been any study to synthesize them. Therefore. I would like to try some comparison of the cults in the twenty-one main villages of the Miyako Islands, based on my own research and data. Comparing many villages where variations exist requires a standard of comparison in addition to finding common factors. First of all, one should generalize the traditional cult system. In each village it consists of the following three units : 1. Cults concerning the entire village. 2. Cults concerning a special group within a village. 3. Cults as YAA or each individual (YAA=IE) . The second unit is further divided into three parts by each group's characteristics. I intend to deal only with the first unit in this thesis, so I have rearranged my data. I have described a village as a religious group with four indispensable elements. And I constructed a model of the village cult system in order to compare the elements of the human-system as one of them. This model, based on the role of the castes and their participation in the rituals, is organized by an L.C.M. for each village systm. In addition, this model will provide a common basis for comparing individuals, since it can decide each Kamiyaku (religious functioner) and the castes' positions in the system. This consists of the following ten classifications : A. 1) priestess ; 2) sub-priest or sub-priestess ; 3) special kamiyaku ; 4) attending kamiyaku ; 5) specified kamiyaku. B. 1) preparator (attending) ; 2) preparator (not attending) . C. 1) a group like priestesses : 2) a group like preparators : 3) a group like attendants. For A_1 I made a detailed comparison of each village with the result that three types have been determined, with the main factor being the combining of names of kamiyaku and the addition of individual attributes. They are as follows : 1. Tsukasa Yuzasu type (2 persons). 2. Mizununusu type (3-4 persons). 3. Tsukasa type (1 person). Since these types are fundamental and form a sort of core, at least three kinds of religious activity patterns are thought to exist in the Miyako Islands. Secondly, it is based on two kinds of their term of service (one is until death, the other is retirement) , and on a taboo which is imposed on kamiyaku that has led to four kinds of functional types as attributes for kamiyaku , that is kamiyaku (classification A1) actually differ greatly from each other in regard to its concept. That difference was never modified by such factors as modernization, and may be seen as a difference of the value system of the people. This is conjecture, and it is quite necessary to make further investigation. As for the above functional types, adding a detailed explanation is essential, therefore the following are explained as briefly as possible : 1. Always united with gods and symbol of the village cult. 2. Occasionally united with gods. 3. Always mediating between gods and men. 4. Occasionally acting as a mediator between gods and men. The above two kinds of typology are not always equivalent to the regional type in the Miyako Islands. For instance, the above typology cannot divide the region into two parts (or four parts) such as north and south. This problem must be solved some day. I was able to deal with only a small part of the village cult in this thesis.
日本文化人類学会の論文
1980-09-30

宮古島の部落祭祀 : その比較・統合に向けての序章

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