対人間コミュニケーション研究の視野 : 特に非言語的側面について
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概要
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Since the time of Darwin, more and more interest has been taken in the field of nonverbal communication. But extensive review of these studies reveals faults with their theoretical base. In this article the author tries to adopt a perspective in the study of interpersonal communication through analyzing these theoretical appoaches in special refence to their non-verbal aspects. What is problematic is, in effect, an objectifying thinking in the writers on nonverbal communication By "objectification" the author means a way of thinking which supposes that there exist some stimuli as causes of perception or impression about the other in face to face interaction and that these stimuli must be identifiable in some substantial form or other. Such a mechanical theory of communication, with its fundamental postulation that interpersonal perception is a synthesis of elemental perception, fails to understand the real phenomenon of interpersonal communication. On the contrary, the author makes an effort at revealing that the other person's movements (not noly expressive ones but also his whole existence itself) are "modulated" to the ego through what MERLEAU-PONTY calls "body scheme". Also, in most of the earlier studies there is an image that expressive movements themselves have or carry meanings to others m communication For examle "his smile means (or expresses) his good will" etc. But the author claims that each participant in interaction perceives anothers' movements as such subjectively and uniquely. Misunderstanding in everyday life shows that sensitivity is quite subjective, unique and individual. But the author's statement, in its extreme form, might be taken that every experience is entirely soliptimal. Therefore, an explanation is made that our subjectivity is not soliptimal in its deepest level. Our experience is by its nature intersubjective ; in other words, it transcends individual subjectivity and merges with that of others. On the basis of these understandings, the author submits the following three points as the important aspects in the study of interpersonal communication : (1) A study of body use. Interest in the technique of body use was pointed out as important by MAUSS, but it has been rather neglected. It should be revived. (2) A study of lived codes. We interact depending on tacit conventions. Meanings emerge in reference to such lived codes (including physiological reactions). (3) A study of enculturation. We grow to be competent members of a society through enculturation. But in this process even physiological functions are differently arranged in each culture. Much attention must be paid to the "imprinting-like" nature of enculturation. These points are three aspects of one and the same phenomenon, and will eventually converge.
- 日本文化人類学会の論文
- 1979-06-30