ジャワにおける親族呼称の機能と構造 : ヨクヤカルタ特別区の事例から

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The present paper is concerned with the Jevanese mode of determining self in relation to others and vice versa through the analysis of their address terms. The materials presented here were obtained during the field work extending six months (August 1972, July-October 1973 and March 1974) among the inhabitants of different communities in Central Java : six villages, two towns and a city of the Special District of Yogyakarta (Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta), Indonesia. In these communities vocative terms of kinship can be applied not only to kinsmen but also, more extensively, to non-kinsmen. It seems to me that an analysis of their address terms (including kinship terms) gives us a clue to understanding interpersonal relationships of the Javanese people. The Javanese vocative terms may be classified into two categories ; one for senior kinsmen and the other for the junior. The terms of the first category may further be classified into two types ; one with the function of keeping the addressee away from the addresser and the other with the function of keeping him (or her) closer. The terms of the second category can be divided into two types in the same manner. The writer designates these four types of kinship terms respectively. as Vv. Vt, Tv and Tt, after the fashion of the late Latin vos and tu. Vos has the linguistic function of raising the addressee to a superior position and simultaneously keeping him (or her) away from the addresser. On the contrary, tu has the function of lowering the addressee to an inferior position and keeping him (or her) closer. The Vv type of kinship terms is applied to the superior addressee to be kept away from the addresser ; the Vt type to the superior to be drawn closer to the addresser ; the Tv type is applied to the inferior to be kept away from the addresser and the Tt type to the inferior to be drawn closer. When focused on the addresser, it comes to be known that each type of vocative terms has an implicit funcion of determining the addresser himself (or herself) as well as the addressee. The Vv type lowers the addresser to an inferior position and keeps him (or her) away from the addressee ; the Vt type lowers the addresser also to an inferior position but draws him (or her) closer to the addressee. The Tv type raises the addresser to a superior position and keeps him (or her) away from the addressee and the Tt type, finally, raises the addresser to a superior position and puts him (or her) in an intimate relation to the addressee. Logically, each of these four types can be exchanged between the two kinsmen concerned in ten kinds of different ways. The combinations are : (1) Vv-Tv, (2) Vt-Tt, (3) Vv-Tt, (4) Vt-Tv, (5) Vv-Vv, (6) Vv-Vt, (7) Vt-Vt, (8) Tv-Tv, (9) Tv-Tt and (10) Tt-Tt. (1) Vv-Tv : This exchange between the Vv type (e. g., kangmas for elder brother) and the Tv type (e. g., dikmas for younger brother : counterpart of kangmas), in which each part,ner satisfies the expectation of the counterpart, is found basically among the noblemen. (2) Vt-Tt : This exchange between the Vt type (e. g., hang for elder brother) and the Tt type (e. g., dik for younger brother), in which also each partner meets the demand of the counterpart, is found among commoners. (3) Vv-Tt : If a nobleman and a commoner are related to each other through a kinship tie, this exchange or the next one (Vt-Tv) will be found. If the nobleman is older than the commoner, the Vv-Tt exchange pattern is employed between them. For instance, a grandfather, who belongs to the noble class, is addressed as eyang (Vv) by the grandson who is a commoner.
日本文化人類学会の論文
1976-09-30

著者

染谷臣道
帯広畜産大学

ジャワにおける親族呼称の機能と構造 : ヨクヤカルタ特別区の事例から

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