春秋時代の支配権と時間
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概要
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The problems which I want to elucidate in this paper are formulated in the following way : first, what meaning does the concept of the "supremacy" of the rulers in ancient China comprise, especially in the Spring and Autumn period? In other words, what did the rulers do in order to able to rule over their own dominions? Second, what sort of changes had been brought about by the conquerors within the territorial sovereignty of the defeated rulers? As for the first question, the rulers at that time were required to impose their own 'time' upon their dominions so as to create regularly the time system (for example, the normal transition of seasons) by means of performing rituals. It therefore seems that in order to rule over his dominion the ruler needs inevitably to create the time, to pervade it all over the dominion, and to manage it. It was only those who belonged to the special lineage because of being approved to rule over their territory by Chou king, that were able to create such time. This means that the rulers had to belong to the special lineage, and subsequently be given the evidence of 'the time of special families.' In short, the rulers had two kinds of time ; the positive time which they created for themselves, and the dynastic time which was given to them by succession. As for the second question, it is necessary to examine the historical materials telling us how the rulers had to change their sovereignty when being defeated. According to Zuo-chuan, we can classify the treatment of the defeated rulers into four patterns. We can discern such common characteristics in every pattern and especially the two kinds of time of sovereignty mensioned above had inflicted damage upon both or one of them through the conquerors' intervention. We can see that as the time progressed toward the end of the Spring and Autumn period, the defeated rulers were more restricted as to their practice of rituals as well as creation of the time, and their lineage was also much weakened by the conquerors. After all, the conquerors at the Spring and Autumn period deprived the defeated rulers of their sovereignty by intervening in the 'time', bequeathed to them.
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