中国の職業分化と社会成層
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概要
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Since 1978, China has experienced a radical change of the economic system, from a socialist planed economy to a market economy. Along with this change, the social system has also been restructured: The occupational structure has been reshaped and the new system of social stratification has gradually emerged along with the development of market economy and the rapid economic growth. This paper examines this process and its features of socio-economic change with a focus on occupational differentiation and the newly emerging social stratification, based on various survey data including those conducted by the project team of Chinese Institute of Social Sciences. Since the Reform and Opening Policy was adopted, Chinese economy has rapidly developed, and along with it, the radical social transformation has taken place. But how the social system is transformed is conditioned and partially determined by the traditional social arrangements and social policies. In China, there have been various social arrangements that have been still maintained, many of which are legally determined: One of the most critical is the dual social system that is based on the family register system and that divides the people and the regions into two major categories, city and village. This system restricts the range of individuals'opportunities of social mobility and henceforth the transformation of the structure of social stratification. Another important arrangement is the three- tier occupational system that is composed of farmers, laborers, and executives. The "unit" system in the city and the "people's commune" in the agricultural area, the former in particular, have still been maintained. Furthermore, various systems of personnel management are still maintained as government policies. All of these as well as many related social arrangements combine to influence the process of social transformation and the pattern of social mobility. Nevertheless, the Chinese society is rapidly moving from one with the status system that is centrally regulated and characterized by political statuses, city/village statuses and administrative statuses to one with a social stratification by occupational statuses. In addition, along with this change, social inequalities and the discrepancy between city and village as well as among regions are expanding. The major task of this paper is to investigate the process of this social transformation, some major characteristics of the newly emerging social stratification, and the nature of social inequalities and its social and policy implications. To pursue this task, this paper do the following: First, it introduces the Chinese traditional structure of occupational differentiation, dealing with how the occupational statuses of farmers, laborers and executives were differentiated and structured; second, it investigates how they are now changing along with the rapid development of market economy; third, it examines the characteristics of its newly emerging social stratification; and fourth, it discusses the social and policy implications of these social changes and transformation. The above-mentioned characteristics of the Chinese traditional social arrangements and regulations and their changes should be also explained throughout these investigations.
- 2003-03-10